In this issue of The Connors Research Trading Journal (Volume 2), we’ll delve into the insights of Peter Muller, who built PDT (Process Driven Trading), one of the greatest proprietary trading firms in the world for Morgan Stanley. Peter and his team then moved from Morgan Stanley to their own $5+ billion quant hedge fund. Reportedly, Peter and his team have achieved returns (after fees) of over 20% annually since the early 1990’s. Even though he is highly secretive in discussing their trading (Peter and his team have written little and said even less on how they trade), this article, published in Quantitative Finance, is one of the few pieces out there, and it has a number of gems in it. These gems can give you a better insight into how to build portfolios with greater returns and with lower risk.
You can read this rare article by clicking here. After reading the article please read the analysis below (for a full understanding of the Sharpe Ratio, click here).
Highlights of Peter Muller’s Insights:
1. What are Good Sharpe Ratios? – Portfolios with Sharpe Ratios above 1.0 are considered very good (see Figure 2 in Muller’s article). Sharpe ratios above 2.0 are exceptional. If you’re trading live money over a sustained period of time (meaning years) with a Sharpe Ratio above 1.0, you likely have something that’s very solid.
2. Higher Portfolio Turnover Can Increase The Sharpe Ratio – Higher frequency trading can lead to higher Sharpe Ratios (for example, High Frequency Trading firms usually have very high Sharpe ratios – they also have their own unique set of problems).
I view this in two ways:
a) Increasing the frequency of high quality of trades can lead you to a higher Sharpe Ratio. Muller goes as far as to suggest this and we’ll examine this together in number 4 below.b) If you have a “low frequency portfolio” (one that doesn’t turnover too often) that has a high Sharpe Ratio (above 1.0) you likely have something special.
3. Strategy Correlations Matter – Closely monitor the correlations of your strategies. In his opinion, multi-strategy portfolios often have strategies that are more correlated than the trader believes. If in fact your strategies are not highly correlated you again potentially have something special. Ray Dalio (whose best-selling book Principles is must reading) has stated on numerous occasions that having a number of uncorrelated strategies together in one portfolio is one of the greatest ways to build a superior portfolio.
4. It’s Better to Go Deeper than Broader – I found this one particularly interesting. In Muller’s opinion, if one had to choose between adding more strategies, or adding more trades to an already strong strategy, he feels the latter is better. Again his concern is that the additional strategies may be too correlated to the existing strategy and it’s likely easier to find more high quality trading opportunities with the existing strategy than to find a new high performing uncorrelated strategy.
In our own observations, we have seen improved Sharpe Ratios when we tested combining low-correlated strategies (as Dalio suggests). Until reading Peter Muller’s interview though, we’ve never considered looking for ways to add additional high-quality trades to strategies with high Sharpe Ratio’s. We’re looking forward to pursuing this further, especially because the idea came from Muller and it’s potentially highly scalable.
Summary:
Obviously when an individual who oversees one of the greatest proprietary trading firms in history provides insights, it’s worth a lot. The Sharpe Ratio is not the only metric available to measure the quality of a portfolio but it remains one of the most important.
– Things to avoid include correlated strategies.
– Things to pursue include finding more high-quality trades with existing high SharpeRatio Strategies.
– Measure your strategy correlations, especially during the periods of market stress; for example, 2008, August 2011, the fourth quarter of 2015, and February 2018. Did your strategies’ correlations rise during those periods? If they did not, that’s a good sign.
– I’ll add another piece of analysis you can look at to see how your portfolio did during times of stress. Look at the down months in SPXTR (the S&P 500 Total Return Index). Did your portfolio also lose money those months (and were the downside moves especially large)? If it did, you may want to include an additional uncorrelated strategy which tends to smooth returns during times of stress.
– The other area to pursue according to Peter Muller is to take a high Sharpe Ratio strategy and see if you can increase it’s trading frequency with additional high-quality trades. This may increase your Sharpe Ratio, and it may also increase your overall returns.
I hope you enjoyed this issue of the Connors Research Trading Journal. Enjoy your trading!
Larry Connors
Connors Research LLC
P.S. Are you looking for private one-on-one mentoring to further improve your trading? If you are call 888-484-8220 ext. 1 for additional details.
Today, we’ll look at whether or not mean reversion trading still works (it does). You’ll learn The RSI 25 Strategy which has correctly predicted the short-term direction of the S&P 500 ETF (SPY) over 91% of the time since 1993. You’ll also gain further insights which you can apply to your personal trading.
For much of the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s mean reversion trading was the staple for many successful traders and trading funds. Mean reversion trading is a broad arena encompassing everything from short-term trading to stat-arb trading.
Over the past five years, especially due to the basically one-way upward move higher for equity prices, momentum trading has come back into vogue replacing mean reversion trading for a number of traders. In fact, this upward move has led to a conclusion from some that mean reversion no longer works. This research article is going to prove to you that at least based upon the data (not hearsay) that it not only still works, especially in US index prices, it has in certain areas even gotten stronger!
First, so we all start together, let’s understand what mean reversion trading is. According to Wikipedia: “In finance, mean reversion is the assumption that a stock’s price will tend to move to the average price over time”. Simply stated, what goes up eventually goes back down. What goes down eventually goes back up.
That’s a good starting point but as traders, it’s too broad for us. We need tighter rules. So we will go deeper and add time frames and eventually trading rules to this to see how it works, if it works, and especially how we can apply this knowledge on a consistent repeatable basis to our trading.
There are many sweet spots for mean reversion. For us though, based on over two decades of data, the sweet spot for mean reversion equity trading tends to be 3-7 days. Linda Raschke (made famous in the book New Market Wizards) and I wrote extensively about this in our book Street Smarts over two decades ago. Most of what we observed then still holds true today.
Simply stated, an oversold security on a short-term basis tends to attract capital and reverse higher. Please note, this is a tendency, not a rule. Oversold can and often does become even more oversold. As traders though, we’re looking for biases (edges) and looking to exploit those edges. This is no different than in blackjack where if you’re counting cards, you want as many high cards as possible left in the deck (and it’s fascinating that one of the greatest traders in history, Ed Thorpe, created card counting while he was at MIT in the 1960’s).
Now that we understand what mean reversion is and the time frame we’re looking at, let’s look at where we see edges (biases) in place. I can cite many strategies confirmed by data to show you this so I decided to share with you a favorite of mine. The strategy was originally called The RSI 25 Strategy. It was originally published in 2003 so it’s been in the public domain for 15 years. It was then updated in 2009 in a book High Probability ETF Trading, which ultimately found its way into the hands of tens of thousands of traders.
Today we’ll look at this strategy (and again, I can show you many more) and we’ll update the test results through 2017. I’ll share with you the test results for The RSI 25 Strategy on SPY from 1993-2008. Then I’ll show you the test results since the book was published.
The RSI 25 has three simple rules. Here they are:
1. Buy one unit at the close when-
a. Its closing price is greater than the 200-day moving average
b. Its 4-period RSI is less than 25
2. Buy a second unit if the 4-period RSI closes below 20 at any time while the position is open. This is essentially doubling the position usually at lower prices.
3. Sell when the 4-period RSI closes above 55.
If mean reversion no longer worked, this strategy would likely no longer work. Also, many would add that publishing the strategy should have killed the results because it’s in the public domain and the edges would disappear for that fact alone.
What you will see will open your eyes as it did ours:
Test Results From 1993-2008 for SPY
# of Trades 85
Winning Trades 75
Losing Trades 10
Percent Correct 88.24%
Avg Gain Per Trade 1.50%
Average Hold in Trading Days 5.07 days
Test Results From 2009-2017 for SPY
# of Trades 62
Winning Trades 60
Losing Trades 2
Percent Correct 96.77%
Avg Gain Per Trade 1.32%
Average Hold in Trading Days 4.53 days
Here’s another finding. Every year was profitable in the test results from 2009-2017. We know the market has risen over that period but we also know there’s been some good bumps along the way. The 200-day moving average, a filter we have applied for decades, still remains one of the better ways to tell you if the market is in a longer term bull market versus a bear market. It’s not perfect but it continues to lend itself to taking an edge, and making that edge even greater.
So yes, since 2009, 96.77% of these signals were profitable. If mean reversion was dead this would not have occurred. In fact based on this one test, one could argue mean reversion has gotten even stronger.
What we also did was look at other short-term mean reversion ETF (index) strategies we published. Please remember that all of these strategies were published nearly a decade ago (or longer) so the test results since the published date are looking forward (post publication results are looking at what happened “after” the strategy was discovered and published). What we found was that the majority of ETF mean reversion trading strategies continued to perform as well as they had over the previous 15 years.
One additional note: We also looked at other major ETFs. We looked at liquid US ETFs, and a number of liquid country fund ETFs spanning the globe. Once again, we saw solid test results and a confirmation that short-term mean reversion in major index prices is not only true in the US, it’s true throughout much of the globe.
Summary:
Short-term Mean Reversion remains alive and well, especially in equity ETFs. This does not mean that momentum trading does not work. It simply means that if you are a swing trader, one who trades over a 3-7 day period of time, there are an abundance of pullback strategies for liquid ETFs that you can apply to your trading which have large amounts of data to confirm that healthy edges have remained in place. The RSI 25 Strategy is just one example that has proven this out.
In upcoming research articles, I’ll share with you additional mean reversion strategies. I’ll also show you ways to protect yourself from the times that markets sell-off and continue to sell-off (stops are only a partial answer because they expose traders to overnight risk). We’ll also look at additional ways to apply what we’ve learned today in order to take your trading to the next level higher.
Enjoy your trading!
Larry Connors
Connors Research LLC
This is a good article from the New York Times Dealbook:
If you’re interested in trading Weekly S&P options, this short video from Russell Rhoads and the CBOE on VXST is worth watching.
The ISE believes they have created a cleaner version of the VIX with a new index they call VolDex. You can learn more about VolDex on the ISE website http://www.ise.com/etf-ventures/voldex-voli/
I’d like to recommend a book to you. I’m reading “Elite Minds – Creating the Competitive Advantage” by Dr. Stan Beecham. Dr. Beecham is a disciple of Bob Rotella (one of our all-time favorite Chairman’s Club guests) who encouraged him in the 1990’s to pursue this field. Because of his background in running, the book has a somewhat cult-like status in the running community (you can see this from the reviews) but it’s far bigger than the psychology of running and athletics. This is one of those books that you read and can’t put down.
Here is Warren Buffet’s formula on how to get smarter.
